If you’ve been trying to conceive and haven’t had success, endometriosis may be part of the puzzle. This common gynecologic condition affects an estimated one in ten women of reproductive age, and it’s a leading cause of infertility.
What Is Endometriosis?
Endometriosis occurs when tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus. This tissue may attach to the ovaries, fallopian tubes, pelvic wall, or other nearby structures. Unlike the uterine lining, which is shed during your period, this tissue has no way to leave the body. Over time, it can lead to inflammation, scar tissue, and adhesions.
Common symptoms include:
- Painful or heavy periods
- Pain during sex
- Chronic pelvic pain
- Pain with bowel movements or urination (especially during menstruation)
- Difficulty getting pregnant
Some women with endometriosis have severe symptoms, while others have none at all. The severity of symptoms doesn’t always reflect how extensive the condition is.
How Endometriosis Affects Fertility
There are several ways endometriosis can interfere with fertility:
1. Blocked Fallopian Tubes
Scar tissue can cause the fallopian tubes to become twisted or blocked, preventing the egg and sperm from meeting.
2. Ovarian Cysts
Endometriosis can form cysts on the ovaries, known as endometriomas, which may interfere with ovulation.
3. Inflammation
Chronic inflammation in the pelvic area can damage sperm and eggs, disrupt fertilization, or interfere with implantation.
4. Hormonal Imbalance
Endometriosis may alter hormonal signals needed for ovulation and the regular functioning of the menstrual cycle.
5. Impaired Egg Quality
In some cases, inflammation and oxidative stress related to endometriosis can impact the health of a woman’s eggs.
Even in mild cases, endometriosis can make it harder to get pregnant. But the good news is that many women with endometriosis do go on to conceive, either naturally or with treatment or additional supportive efforts.
